The Coffee Heartlands:
A Landscape Under Threat

Photographs comission by GCCM

A Glimpse into the Climate Challenges of Santa María de Dota and Tarrazú, Costa Rica.

As the dense fog of Costa Rica's cloud forests lifts, a quiet but powerful transformation takes place. In the rural districts of Santa Maria de Dota and Tarrazu, located just 30 kilometers south of the capital, San Jose, the impacts of climate change are becoming more evident with each passing day. Known for its rich, fertile land ideal for coffee cultivation, these areas are now grappling with challenges that extend beyond the fluctuating climate.
The lush valleys of Santa Maria de Dota and Tarrazu have long been synonymous with coffee farming, a cornerstone of Costa Rica's economy. The rolling hills, dotted with small farms and thriving coffee plantations, seem like an idyllic haven. But beneath the beauty lies a story of growing unease. Climate change is altering the region's production cycles, shortening harvests and disrupting the livelihoods of the local farmers. Heavy rains, long droughts, and erratic weather patterns are slowly reshaping the familiar rhythms of agriculture.
As the world heats up, coffee trees, a sensitive crop, are facing a fight for survival. The challenges faced by farmers are not just environmental; they are economic and social. The weather patterns that once defined seasons have become increasingly unreliable, and coffee farmers in these rural areas, many of whom rely on these harvests to feed their families, are starting to see the consequences.
While much of the world is fixated on international migration patterns, Santa Maria and Tarrazu tell a different story. Here, migration isn’t solely about crossing borders. Instead, it reflects a broader narrative of internal displacement and shifting rural-urban dynamics. The area’s migration pattern is predominantly internal, with many from other parts of Costa Rica seeking work in the coffee-growing districts, driven by economic hardship or seeking refuge from climate-induced impacts elsewhere in the country.
However, many have also come from neighboring Panama and Nicaragua, attracted by the promise of agricultural work. This region of Costa Rica is a key destination for migrant workers, many of whom take on seasonal jobs in the coffee plantations. Yet, as the changing climate continues to impact production cycles, the once stable pattern of labor migration is being disrupted.
Despite the growing challenges, a sense of resilience pervades the community. Through the lens of this photo documentary, you can feel the determination in the faces of the workers who continue their efforts in the fields despite uncertain futures. One of the key findings of the study, conducted by Samuel Hall in February 2024, is that despite the overwhelming challenges, a significant majority of respondents from both Santa Maria de Dota (75%) and Tarrazu (78%) expressed no intention to migrate. The deep-rooted connection to their land and community holds them back.
Their decision to stay reflects a broader cultural attitude—a strong preference to remain at home, even in the face of uncertainty. This local sentiment, prevalent across many rural districts, shows how migration remains a last resort, with people choosing to endure hardship rather than abandon their homes.
In the streets of Santa Maria, there is a palpable concern about the future. Nearly 85% of respondents in both districts reported seeing the impact of climate change in their daily lives. The sense of urgency is unmistakable, with the community understanding that their livelihoods are directly tied to the environment. Yet, despite witnessing these changes, many are reluctant to leave, as their ties to the land and the community are too strong.
Farmers discuss how coffee production cycles have been altered, affecting not only the crops but the local economy. People express frustration over what seems to be a double-edged sword—climate change is both a catalyst for migration and a reason to stay and fight for a way of life.
In the midst of this, the younger generation faces a dilemma. With dwindling agricultural prospects and fewer opportunities for stable employment, youth in these areas are looking beyond the hills of their hometowns. While many of the older generations continue to hold onto the land, the youth are increasingly open to exploring new opportunities elsewhere, both within Costa Rica and abroad. But even then, the decision to leave is not one they take lightly.
The voices of youth, often unheard in the grand narrative of migration, are captured here—expressing both hope and uncertainty. As climate change alters the very landscape in which they have grown up, they wonder whether their dreams of a stable life can be fulfilled in their rural communities, or if their futures lie elsewhere.
This study, part of a broader exploration of climate mobility in the Greater Caribbean, is a snapshot into the lives of those caught between two worlds. It paints a picture of the complexity of climate change’s impacts—affecting not just the environment, but the social fabric and economy of communities.
The mobility patterns observed in Costa Rica offer a critical insight into a regional phenomenon. The dynamic between migration and climate impacts is not limited to Costa Rica alone. Neighboring countries such as Panama and Nicaragua, similarly grappling with the effects of climate change, share similar stories of migration, displacement, and resilience.
As we leave the coffee fields behind, there is a lingering sense of uncertainty but also a glimmer of hope. Despite the mounting challenges, the people of Santa Maria de Dota and Tarrazu continue to fight for their land, their livelihood, and their future. They have not yet succumbed to the pressures of climate-induced displacement, showing resilience in the face of adversity.
Through this photo documentary, we are offered more than just an observation of rural life under threat; we are invited into the hearts and minds of those who, despite the changing world around them, continue to plant, harvest, and dream. The path forward for these communities may be uncertain, but their determination to hold onto their homes and their way of life provides a powerful testament to the enduring strength of human spirit amid environmental upheaval.

Laboratorio CEDAO

Founded in 2010, serves as a center for the development of organic alternatives.

It was established to support coffee growers in pest control and the recovery of soils saturated with agrochemicals, which contribute to climate change and other environmental issues.

The laboratory is funded by the coffee cooperative in Tarrazú and was a pioneer in the Los Santos region in developing bio-input services.

Climate change and the European Green Deal for coffee, along with a focus on sustainability and traceability, drove the creation of organic solutions for farmers.

Organic bio-inputs help combat pathogenic fungi and contain products that act as accelerators of decomposition, thus improving the greenhouse gas emissions generated by coffee production.

Currently, in Tarrazú, the Coopetarrazu cooperative produces 30,000 tons of coffee waste, which contributes to this greenhouse effect. Bio-inputs help reduce these emissions.

In Costa Rica’s rural agricultural heartland, the life and livelihoods of its residents are inextricably tied to the land. For many, coffee cultivation has been the lifeblood of the economy for generations. But climate change is disrupting this delicate balance, driving shifts not only in agricultural practices but also in migration patterns and community structures.

Costa Rica’s coffee-growing regions have felt the slow and steady encroachment of climate change. Farmers report increased temperatures, especially heat waves, and erratic rainfall patterns. These shifts have brought significant challenges for coffee producers, impacting both the harvest season and the health of crops. One of the most profound effects is the unpredictability of the harvest, creating misalignments with traditional labor migration patterns. Many workers, particularly from Nicaragua, have long been seasonal laborers, moving with the rhythm of the harvest. But with changing weather patterns, this seasonal migration is becoming increasingly permanent.

The very crops that sustain these communities, including coffee, are being jeopardized by pests and diseases linked to shifting climates, requiring farmers to turn to harsher methods like increased pesticide use, which in turn risks human health. The impacts on people are not limited to their livelihoods but also extend to their well-being.

As the weather becomes more unpredictable, many young people in these rural communities, especially in areas like Santa Maria de Dota and Tarrazú, find their future uncertain. Limited livelihood opportunities, compounded by extreme weather, are pushing them to urban centers like San José or even abroad, particularly to the United States. The migratory flow is marked by a clear generational divide, with youth often seeking stability and opportunity elsewhere, while older generations are still committed to adapting to their land.

Climate-induced migration is reshaping rural Costa Rican demographics, with young people moving away and a growing reliance on permanent migrant labor. Yet, migration is not always seen as an escape. Many farmers, despite the climate crisis, express a deep attachment to their land. For them, migration is the last resort, a sign that adaptation has failed.

Despite these pressures, Costa Rican rural communities have shown resilience. A sense of belonging and identity is deeply tied to the land and the cultural practices of coffee cultivation. The majority of residents are reluctant to leave their communities. For them, adaptation doesn’t mean relocating—it means finding new ways to stay in place, adapting their agricultural practices to the changing climate.

Support networks like cooperatives have played a vital role in facilitating local adaptation. These community-based organizations provide a platform for sharing knowledge, diversifying crops, and developing strategies for climate resilience. By diversifying production and adopting climate-sensitive practices, these rural communities are attempting to weather the storm.

However, the future remains uncertain. As climate change continues to challenge coffee production, many are left questioning whether migration might become unavoidable in the coming decades. While some respondents in the study still express a desire to return after seeking better opportunities abroad, the reality is that returning to a sustainable life in coffee farming may be increasingly unlikely. With the threat of failing harvests, even those who once left in search of work may struggle to reintegrate into the coffee industry.

In the face of these climate impacts, most Costa Ricans still harbor a profound attachment to their land and community. Migration is framed not as an adaptation strategy, but as a potential failure to maintain the livelihoods and traditions that have sustained their culture for generations.

As Costa Rica grapples with the dual threats of climate change and migration, the future of coffee—and the communities that rely on it—remains uncertain. Will these communities adapt by shifting agricultural practices, or will migration ultimately become the unavoidable response to a changing climate? The answers lie in the delicate balance between culture, agriculture, and the shifting patterns of mobility.

 

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Eugenia